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Hawk
RAF BAE Hawk T1 trainer
Role Military trainer aircraft
Manufacturer Hawker Siddeley (1974–1977)
British Aerospace (1977–1999)
BAE Systems MAS division
First flight 21 August 1974
Introduction 1976
Status In service
Primary users Royal Air Force
Indian Air Force
Finnish Air Force
Royal Australian Air Force
Produced 1974-present
Number built 900+
Unit cost £18 million (2003)
Developed into T-45 Goshawk
The BAE Systems Hawk is a British single-engine, advanced jet trainer aircraft. It first flew in 1974 as the Hawker Siddeley Hawk, and subsequently produced by its successor companies, British Aerospace and BAE Systems, respectively. It has been used in a training capacity and as a low-cost combat aircraft.
Operators of the Hawk include the Royal Air Force, notably the Red Arrows aerial display team; as well a considerable number of foreign military operators. The Hawk is still in production with over 900 Hawks sold to 18 customers around the world.

Contents

Development

Origins

In 1964 the Royal Air Force specified a requirement (Air Staff Target (AST) 362) for a new fast jet trainer to replace the Folland Gnat. The SEPECAT Jaguar was originally intended for this role, but it was soon realised that it would be too complex an aircraft for fast jet training, and only a small number of two-seat versions were purchased. Accordingly, in 1968, Hawker Siddeley Aviation (HSA) began studies for a simpler aircraft, initially as special project (SP) 117. The design team was led by Ralph Hooper.[1]
A Royal Air Force Hawk T1A at Kemble Airport, Gloucestershire, with its pilot.
This project was funded by the company as a private venture, in anticipation of possible RAF interest. The design was conceived of as having tandem seating and a combat capability in addition to training, as it was felt the latter would improve export sales potential. By the end of the year HSA had submitted a proposal to the Ministry of Defence based on the design concept, and in early 1970 the RAF issued Air Staff Target (AST) 397 which formalised the requirement for new trainers of this type. The RAF selected the HS.1182 for their requirement on 1 October 1971 and the principal contract, for 175 aircraft, was signed in March 1972.[2][3]
The prototype aircraft first flew on 21 August 1974. All development aircraft were built on production jigs; the program remained on time and to budget throughout.[4] The Hawk T1 entered RAF service in late 1976.[5] The first export Hawk 50 flew on 17 May 1976. This variant had been specifically designed for the dual-role of lightweight fighter and advanced trainer; it had a greater weapons capacity than the T.1.[5]
More variants of the Hawk would follow, common improvements to the base design typically include increased range, more powerful engines, redesigned wing and undercarriage, the addition of radar and forward-looking infrared (FLIR), GPS navigation, and night vision compatibility.[6] Later models were manufactured with a great variety in terms of avionics fittings and system compatibility to suit the individual customer nation, cockpit functionality was often rearranged and programmed to be common to an operator's main fighter fleet to increase the Hawk's training value.[7]
In 1981, a derivative of the Hawk was selected by the United States Navy as their new trainer aircraft. Designated the McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk, the design was navalised and strengthened to withstand operating directly from the decks of carriers in addition to typical land-based duties;[8] This T-45 entered service in 1994; initial aircraft has analogue cockpits, while later deliveries featured a digital glass cockpit. All airframes are planned to undergo avionics upgrades to a common standard.[9]

Further development

A major competitor to the Hawk for export sales has been the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet; aviation expert John W. R. Taylor commented: "What Europe must avoid is the kind of wasteful competition that has the Hawker Siddeley Hawk and Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha Jet battling against each other in the world market."[10] By early 1998, a total of 734 Hawk had been sold, more than 550 of which had been to export customers.[11] Military customers often procured the Hawk as a replacement for older aircraft such as the BAC Strikemaster, Hawker Hunter, and Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.[12]
During the 1980s and 1990s, British Aerospace, the successor company to Hawker Siddeley, was trying to gain export sales of the variable-wing Panavia Tornado strike aircraft; however countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, whom had shown initial interest in the Tornado, concluded that the Hawk to be a more suitable and preferable aircraft for their requirements.[13] Malaysia and Oman cancelled their arranged Tornado orders in the early 1990s, both choosing to procure the Hawk instead.[14] Aviation authors Norman Polmar and Dana Bell stated of the Hawk: "Of the many similar designs competing for a share of the world market, the Hawk has been without equal in performance as well as sales".[8]
A Hawk T2 of the Royal Air Force in 2009
On 22 December 2004, the Ministry of Defence awarded a contract to BAE Systems to develop an advanced model of the Hawk for the RAF and Royal Navy.[15] The Hawk Mk. 128, otherwise designated as Hawk T2, replaces conventional instrumentation with a glass cockpit, to better resemble modern fighter aircraft such as the new mainstay of the RAF, the Eurofighter Typhoon. In October 2006, a £450 million contract was signed for the production of 28 Hawk 128s.[16] The aircraft's maiden flight occurred on 27 July 2005 from BAE Systems' Warton Aerodrome.[17]
According to BAE Systems, as of July 2012 they have sold nearly 1000 Hawks so far, with sales continuing to date.[18] In July 2012, Australian Defence Minister Stephen Smith confirmed that Australia's fleet of Hawk Mk 127s would be upgraded to a similar configuration to the RAF's Hawk T2 as part of a major mid-life upgrade.[19] As of 2012, the Hawk T2 is one of the competitors for the United States Air Force's T-X program to acquire a new trainer fleet.[20]

Design

T1 Hawk at RAF Mildenhall, Suffolk, 1984
The Hawk is an advanced trainer with a two-man tandem cockpit, a low-mounted cantilever wing and is powered by a single turbofan engine. Unlike many of the previous trainers in RAF service, the Hawk was specifically designed for the purpose.[4] Hawker had developed the aircraft to have a high level of servicability, as well as lower purchasing and operating costs than previous trainers like the Jet Provost.[21] The Hawk has been praised by pilots for its agility, in particular its roll and turn handling.[22]
The design of the fuselage included a height differential between the two seats of the cockpit; this provided generous levels of visibility for the instructor in the rear seat.[23] Each cockpit is fitted with a Martin-Baker Mk 10B zero-zero rocket-assisted ejection seat.[23] Air is fed to the aircraft's rear-mounted Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour engine via intakes on each of the forward wing roots. During the aircraft's development, Hawker had worked closely with Rolls-Royce to reduce the engine's fuel consumption and for a high level of reliability.[21]
Even within the development stages, a Hawk variant was intended to also serve as a single-seat ground-attack fighter; both the trainer and fighter models were developed with the export market in mind.[4] On single seat models, the forward cockpit area which normally houses a pilot is replaced by an electronics bay for avionics and onboard systems, including a fire control computer, multi-mode radar, laser rangefinder and forward-looking infrared (FLIR).[24] Some export customers, such as Malaysia, have extensive modifications to their aircraft; including the addition of wingtip hardpoint stations and a fittable inflight refuelling probe.[25]
SAAF Hawk performing landing
The Hawk was designed to be manoeuvrable and can reach Mach 0.88 in level flight and Mach 1.15 in a dive, thus allowing trainees to experience transonic flight before advancing to a supersonic trainer.[26][27] The airframe is very durable and strong, stressed for +9 g, the normal limit in RAF service is +7.5/-4 g.[28] A dual hydraulic system supplies power to operate systems such as the aircraft's flaps, airbrakes and landing gear, together with the flight controls. A ram air turbine is fitted in front of the single tail fin to provide backup hydraulic power for the flight controls in the event of an engine failure,[29] additionally a gas turbine auxiliary power unit is housed directly above the engine.
The Hawk is designed to carry a centreline gun pod, such as the 30 mm ADEN cannon, two under-wing pylons, and up to four hardpoints for fitting armaments and equipment.[4] In RAF service, Hawks have been equipped to operate of Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. In the early 1990s, arming the Hawk with the Sea Eagle missile for anti-ship operations had been studied by BAe for export customers.[30]

Operational history

United Kingdom

RAF Hawk, Benevolent Fund 90th Anniversary 1919-2009.
The Hawk entered RAF service in April 1976, replacing the Folland Gnat and Hawker Hunter for advanced training and weapons training. The Hawk T1 was the original version used by the RAF, deliveries commencing in November 1976. The most famous users of the Hawk is the Red Arrows aerobatic team, which adopted the plane in 1979.[31]
RAF Hawk T1A, marking the 85th anniversary of No. 4 Flying Training School
From 1983 to 1986, some Hawks were equipped as short-range interceptor aircraft. 88 T1s were modified to carry two AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missiles (AAMs) in addition to a 30 mm ADEN cannon gun pod; these aircraft were redesignated as Hawk T1A.[5] In a wartime scenario, they would have worked in collaboration with the RAF's Tornado F3 interceptors, which would use their Foxhunter search radars and more sophisticated navigation systems to vector the Hawks against enemy targets.[32]
The Hawk subsequently replaced the English Electric Canberra for target towing duties. The Royal Navy acquired a dozen Hawk T1/1As from the RAF; these are typically operated in a support role, often to conduct simulated combat training onboard ships.[33]
During the 1990s and 2000s, 80 Hawk T1/1A aircraft were upgraded under the Fuselage Replacement Programme (FRP) to extend their operational lifespan; sections of the centre and rear fuselage sections were entirely replaced.[34] In 2009, the RAF began receiving the first Hawk T2, in the long term, T2 aircraft shall replace the aging T1s.[35] Training operations on the Hawk T2 began in April 2012.[36]
In August 2011, a Red Arrows pilot was killed in when his Hawk crashed;[37] the T1 fleet was grounded as a precautionary measure and returned to flight status a few days later.[38]

Finland

In January 1978, Britain and Finland announced a deal to in which the Finnish Air Force was to receive 50 Hawk Mk. 51s in 1980;[39] these aircraft were built in Finland under licence by Valtion lentokonetehdas. The Finnish Air Force was forbidden by the Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 to possess more than 60 first-line fighter aircraft; by acquiring Hawks, which counted as trainers rather than fighters, operational capacity could be increased while continuing treaty compliance. These conditions were nullified at the break-up of the Soviet Union.[40]
Seven additional Mk. 51As were delivered in 1993–94 to make up for losses. In June 2007, Finland arranged to purchase 18 used Hawk Mk. 66s from the Swiss Air Force for 41 million euros; they were delivered in 2009–2010.[41] Finnish Hawks have been reportedly armed with Russian Molniya R-60/AA-8 air-to-air missiles.[42][43] The Finnish Air Force aerobatics team, the Midnight Hawks, also uses the aircraft.[44]
Due to rising levels of metal fatigue, 41 out of 67 in Finland's total Hawk fleet will be taken out of service between 2012–2016; the remaining aircraft are younger and thus are expected to be flying into the 2030s.[45][46] In 2011, Finnish Mk. 51s and Mk. 66s underwent upgrades, including a new Patria Cockpit 2000 glass cockpit and new software.[47][48]

India

Indian Air Force Hawk on display, 2009
On 23 February 2008, the Hawk Mk. 132 formally entered service with the Indian Air Force (IAF),[49] after one of the most protracted procurements in India's history, two decades having elapsed between the initial interest and the contract signing on 26 March 2004. The IAF received 24 aircraft directly from BAE Systems with deliveries beginning in November 2007, and further 42 Hawks assembled by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited between 2008 and 2011.[50] In February 2008, India planned to order 57 more Hawks, with 40 going to the Indian Air Force and the remaining 17 to the Indian Navy.[51][52]
In July 2010, it was announced that the IAF and the Navy would receive the additional 57 aircraft.[53] The additional aircraft will be all built in India by Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL), continuing to work under licence from BAE.[54] On 10 February 2011, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and GE Aviation signed a contract under which GE Aviation will conduct the next 30 years of maintenance on the Hawker fleet.[55] In 2011, the IAF was reportedly unhappy with the provision of spare components;[56] In December 2011, BAE received a contract to provide India with spares and ground support.[57]BAE received a Request for Proposal (RFP) from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for a potential order to supply products and services for the manufacture of 20 extra Hawks for [Surya Kiran] Aerobatic Team.

Indonesia

In April 1978, Indonesia, seeking to increase its aerial capabilities, placed the first of multiple orders for the Hawk.[58] The Indonesian Air Force received more than 40 Hawks in the 1980s and 1990s;[59] In June 1991, BAe and Indonesian Aerospace (IPTN) signed an major agreement for collaborative production of the Hawk, and more orders of the Hawk were anticipated.[60] Further Hawk exports were eventually blocked due to concerns over Indonesian human rights, particularly in East Timor.[59]
During the 1990s, allegations emerged that Hawks had been used in the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, possibly as early as 1983.[61] The alleged attacks on Timorese civilians and pro-independence groups performed by Hawks generated considerable controversy in the United Kingdom.[59] In January 1996, four protesters broke into a BAe factory and caused £1.5 million worth of damage to an Indonesia-bound Hawk. In a subsequent trial, the four were acquitted as the jury accepted their argument of having used "reasonable force to prevent a crime".[62]

Zimbabwe

In the 1980s, 12 BAE Hawk T.Mk. 60/60As were purchased for the Air Force of Zimbabwe; the purchase was supported by a £35 million loan from the UK to Zimbabwe.[63] The Hawk deal also included the transfer of a number of second-hand Hawker Hunters.[64] In July 1982, at least one Hawk was destroyed on the ground and three more heavily damaged during a rebel attack on Thornhill air base, Gweru.[65]
Zimbabwe's Hawks were used during the Second Congo War, numerous airstrikes were conducted in support of the Congolese Army against Rwandan, Ugandan and rebel forces in 1998-2000.[66] In 2000, the controversy over Zimbabwe's military intervention in the Congo and poor human rights record led to Britain imposing a total arms embargo on the nation, including spare parts for the Hawk.[67][68] Due to the embargo, Zimbabwe has purchased six Chinese Hongdu K-8s as a substitute.[69][70]

Others

During the 1980s, a prospective sale of 63 Hawk trainers to Iraq was considered by the British government.[71] While the proposal had its proponents, it was controversial as in a ground-attack capacity Iraq may have employed the Hawk against neighbouring Iran and to oppress Iraq's own Kurdish population;[72] there was also concern that the Hawk could be potentially armed with chemical weapons. After considerable deliberation the sale was blocked.[73] In 2010, Iraq entered talks with BAE for an order of up to 21 Hawks.[74]
Saudi Arabia arranged to acquire the Hawk under the Al-Yamamah arms deal with Britain; a total of 50 Hawk Mk. 65/65A were ordered under two orders placed in 1985 and 1994 respectively.[75] In August 2012, a roughly $800 million deal for 22 Hawk 'Advanced Jet Trainers' was announced; these are to replace the older models of Hawks in the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF).[75] The RSAF also has a demonstration team that flies the Hawk.[75]
In 1993, talks between BAe and South Africa's Denel Aviation began regarding a replacement for the South African Air Force (SAAF)'s aging Atlas Impala fleet.[76] By 2004, Denel had begun construction of Hawks under licence from BAe; components for other customers have also been produced by Denel.[77] On 13 January 2005, the first locally-assembled Hawk conducted its first flight; it belonged to a batch of 24 trainers ordered by the SAAF.[78]

Variants

Hawk T1

The Hawk T1 (Trainer Mark 1) was the original version of the Hawk used by the RAF, deliveries commencing in November 1976. The RAF received a total of 175 T1s.[5]

Hawk T1A

The Hawk T1A is a modified Hawk T1, intended to replace the Hawker Hunter in the RAF's Tactical Weapons Units. A total of 89 aircraft were converted to carry two underwing AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missiles and a centreline Aden gun pod.[5] This is also the variant used by the RAF's Red Arrows display team; the underbody gun pod is replaced by a fairing used to carry oil for the display smoke system.[79]
Finnish Air Force Hawk 51 in Rissala AB

Hawk 50

The Hawk 50 was the original export trainer version, and offered a limited attack capability. Finland, Indonesia and Kenya ordered 90 of this variant.[5]
  • Hawk 51 – Export version for the Finnish Air Force. 50 ordered December 1977, with first four to be built by British Aerospace and remaining aircraft assembled in Finland. Delivered December 1980 to September 1985.[80]
  • Hawk 51A – Seven Hawks were sold to Finland as part of a follow-on order. Powered by Adour 851 engine as used by Hawk 51, but with structural and wing modifications of later Hawks.[81]
  • Hawk 52 – Export version for the Kenyan Air Force. Fitted with braking parachute. Twelve ordered 9 February 1978, with deliveries from 1980 to 1981.[82]
  • Hawk 53 – Export version for the Indonesian Air Force. Eight ordered 4 April 1978, with five more ordered in May 1981, a further three in October 1981 and four in November 1982, giving a total of 20 delivered between 1980 and 1984.[81] Five repurchased by BAE Systems in 1999.[83]

Hawk 60

Another export version, replacing the Hawk 50, intended for conversion and weapons training. Weapons carriage is increased. It is a two-seater, has uprated Rolls-Royce Adour 861 engines, and is capable of a level speed at altitude of 555 knots (1028 km/h) or Mach 0.84.[5] The T-45 Goshawk was derived from this version.[84][85]
  • Hawk 60 – Export version for the Air Force of Zimbabwe. Fitted with braking parachute and provision for carrying a reconnaissance pod. Eight Hawks were ordered by Zimbabwe on 9 January 1981, and delivered between July and October 1982.[86]
  • Hawk 60A – Five Hawks were sold to Zimbabwe as part of a follow-on order in 1990. The aircraft were delivered between June and September 1992.[86]
  • Hawk 61 – Export version for Dubai, United Arab Emirates Air Force. Eight ordered 30 June 1981 for a price of $40 million and delivered March to September 1983. Single additional attrition replacement aircraft delivered 1988.[80]
  • Hawk 63 – Export version for Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Air Force. 16 purchased on 2 January 1983 for $180 million including spares and maintenance support. Delivery between October 1984 and May 1985.[87]
  • Hawk 63A – 15 Hawk 63s were upgraded to this standard from October 1991, with the Adour 871 engine and Advanced Combat Wing of the Hawk 100, with four underwing weapons pylons and wingtip missile rails, but retaining simpler avionics of Hawk 63.[87][88]
  • Hawk 63C – Four new build aircraft to Hawk 63A standard were sold to Abu Dhabi as part of a follow-on order and delivered from 1995.[87]
  • Hawk 64 – Export version for the Kuwait Air Force. Twelve ordered 31 October 1983 and delivered 1985 to 1986.[89]
  • Hawk 65 – Export version for the Royal Saudi Air Force. 30 ordered as part of Al Yamamah I arms deal in February 1986 with deliveries from August 1987 to October 1988.[83][90]
  • Hawk 65A – 20 were sold to Saudi Arabia as part of a follow-on order, to an improved standard, and delivered 1997.[83][90]
  • Hawk 66 – Export version for the Swiss Air Force. Twenty ordered on 20 October 1987, with first built by BAe and remaining 19 assembled by the Federal Aircraft Factory at Emmen. Delivery from November 1989 to October 1991.[91]
  • Hawk 67 – Export version for the Republic of Korea Air Force. Fitted with extended nose of Hawk 100 to accommodate avionics and a steerable nosewheel. Twenty ordered in July 1991, with delivery by November 1993.[82]

Hawk 100

BAE Systems Hawk 120D at RIAT 2005
A two-seat advanced weapons trainer with additional avionics, an optional forward looking infrared, a redesigned wing and HOTAS.[92]
  • Hawk 102 – Export version for Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Air Force. Fitted with wingtip missile rails and Racal Prophet RWR. Eighteen ordered in 1989 and delivered between April 1993 and March 1994.[83][87]
  • Hawk 103 – Lead-in fighter trainer for the Royal Air Force of Oman. Fitted with FLIR and laser ranger in extended nose, BAE Sky Guardian RWR and wingtip AAM rails. Four were ordered on 30 July 1990 and delivered from December 1993 to January 1994.[83][93]
  • Hawk 108 – Export version for the Royal Malaysian Air Force. Fitted with BAE Sky Guardian RWR and wing tip AAM rails. Ten ordered December 1990, and delivered January 1994 to September 1995.[83][94]
  • Hawk 109 – Export version for the Indonesian Air Force. (8)
  • Hawk 115 – Export version for the Canadian Forces, designated 'CT-155 Hawk' in Canadian service.
  • Hawk 129 – Export version for Bahrain. (6)

Hawk 120/LIFT

The Hawk Lead-in Fighter Trainer (LIFT) is the version selected by the South African Air Force in December 1999. This variant is powered by the Adour 951. The LIFT benefits from development carried out for the Australian Mk. 127.
Hawk 127 of No. 76 Squadron RAAF at Avalon Airport, 2007
The next generation Hawks (120, 127 and 128) feature a new wing, forward and centre fuselage, fin and tailplane.[25] The aircraft have only 10% commonality with the existing first generation aircraft. The new variants also have four times the fatigue life of the original aircraft. 24 aircraft will be delivered.

Hawk 127

The Royal Australian Air Force ordered 33 Hawk 127 Lead-in Fighters (LIFs) in June 1997, 12 of which were produced in the UK and 21 in Australia. This variant is also powered by the Adour 871. The Hawk 127 is operated by the RAAF's No. 76 Squadron and No. 79 Squadron which are based at RAAF Base Williamtown and RAAF Base Pearce respectively.

Hawk 128 (Hawk T2)

The Hawk 128 is the new Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) for the RAF and Royal Navy. The Mk. 128 includes modern LCD displays instead of conventional instrumentation and is powered by the Rolls-Royce Adour 951 engine. The Ministry of Defence awarded a Design and Development Contract to BAE Systems on 22 December 2004.[15] The T2 builds on the design of the Australian Mk. 127 and the South African Mk. 120s.[17]

Hawk 132

Production line of the Hawk 132 at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)], Bangalore
The Hawk Mk. 132 is the latest export variant of the Hawk and was previously known as the Mk. 115Y. BAE Systems delivered the final of 24 UK-built Hawks to the IAF in November 2009.[95] HAL handed over the first locally-built Hawk 132 on 14 August 2008.[96] These aircraft will be powered by the Rolls-Royce Adour Mk 871 engine.[97]

Hawk 200

The Hawk 200 is a single-seat, lightweight multirole combat fighter with emphasis on air defence, air superiority, anti-shipping, air-denial, long-range interdiction, short-range close air support and ground attack.[25] Indonesia, Malaysia and Oman have ordered 62 aircraft. Brunei has been interested in acquiring this model, but any prospective order has been continually delayed since the mid-1980s.[98]

T-45 Goshawk

Main article: T-45 Goshawk
The T-45 Goshawk is a fully carrier-capable aircraft developed from the Hawk 60 for the United States Navy for use in aircraft carrier training.[84]

Operators

Current operators

Current operators of the Hawk are shown in dark blue, former operators in red and operators of the T-45 Goshawk in light blue.
A CT-155 Hawk in Canadian service undergoes maintenance at CFB Moose Jaw, 3 November 2005
 Australia
 Bahrain
 Canada
 Finland
 India
  • Indian Air Force – 24 Hawk 132s (Total 123 ordered)[103]
  • Indian Navy – Reports surfaced in early 2008 that the Indian government has approved a follow-on order of 57 more BAE Systems Hawk Mk 132s, with 17 going to the Indian Navy and the remaining 40 slated for the Indian Air Force.[50]
 Indonesia
 Kuwait
 Malaysia
 Oman
 Republic of Korea
 Saudi Arabia
Royal Saudi Air Force Hawk in 2011
 South Africa
Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team "Red Arrows" Hawk T1
 United Kingdom
 United Arab Emirates

Former operators

 Kenya
 Switzerland
  • Swiss Air Force: 20 Hawk Mk. 66s were bought in 1992 but decommissioned in 2002, of which 18 were sold to Finland in June 2007.
 United Kingdom
Past Units.
 Zimbabwe

Specifications (Hawk 128)

BAE Hawk 128.
RAF Hawk at Blackpool Airport, 2008
Data from Royal Air Force,[104] BAE Systems,[105] Ministry of Defence[106]
General characteristics
  • Crew: 2: student, instructor
  • Length: 12.43 m (40 ft 9 in)
  • Wingspan: 9.94 m (32 ft 7 in)
  • Height: 3.98 m (13 ft 1 in)
  • Wing area: 16.70 m² (179.64 ft²)
  • Empty weight: 4,480 kg (9,880 lb)
  • Useful load: 3,000 kg (6,600 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 9,100 kg (20,000 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1× Rolls-Royce Adour Mk. 951 turbofan with FADEC, 29 kN (6,500 lbf) 29 kN
Performance
Armament
Note: all armament is optional.
  • 1× 30 mm ADEN cannon, in centreline pod
  • Up to 6,800 lb (3,085 kg) of weapons on five hardpoints, including:
  • 1,500 lb (680 kg), limited to one centreline and two wing pylons (Hawk T1)

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

References

Citations
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